Impact of Uranium Mining on Radiation Levels in Kazakhstan: A Case Study of Two Major Provinces

Abstract

Kazakhstan, holding approximately 30% of the world’s uranium reserves, is the leading global producer of uranium, with major deposits concentrated in the Shu-Sarysu and North Kazakhstan provinces. This study investigates the impact of uranium mining on environmental radiation levels in these two regions. Using gamma scanning, dosimetry, radon monitoring, and laboratory analysis of soil and water samples, the research evaluates radiation exposure risks in settlements near decommissioned mines in North Kazakhstan and active in-situ leaching (ISL) operations in Shu-Sarysu. Results show significant localized contamination in Northern settlements such as Aksu and Saumalkol, with elevated equivalent dose rates (EDR), high radon concentrations—exceeding permissible limits up to 45 times—and increased alpha activity in water. In contrast, radiation levels in the Shu-Sarysu province are largely within background limits, though isolated contamination was found near the Mynkuduk deposit. Soil in one area exhibited ²²⁶Ra activity exceeding national norms by over 14 times. While ISL is considered less environmentally invasive, its long-term groundwater contamination risks through uranium remobilization remain a concern. The study underscores the need for continuous monitoring, remediation strategies, and public health safeguards in uranium mining regions of Kazakhstan.